Climate change will amplify the existing risks and create new risks for natural and socio-economic systems. These risks are unevenly distributed and experienced. They are often greater for the disadvantaged or marginalised people (particularly women and girls), and also depend on the geographic location of these communities or ecological systems, such as coasts or mountains. Failing to assess climate risks—current and future—can lead to resource wastage, or worse, maladaptation.

Strategically placed sensors can monitor air pollution and provide a detailed picture of air quality and its variability within a region. Low-cost sensors (LCSs) that measure PM2.5 are becoming increasingly popular because of their low cost, ease of use, and portability. However, the portability and low cost come with trade-offs on data quality, reliability, and shelf life. The typical shelf life of LCSs is around a year to two. Also, the raw data from these LCSs need to be calibrated. This report documents the best practices for establishing and maintaining an LCS network.

Indian transport is massive and diverse in catering to the mobility needs of its 1.4 billion population. Road transport alone emits 0.24 G tonnes of CO2 annually, 90% of the total transport sector emissions. Among the Indian Megacities, Bengaluru's transport sector contributes the most (about 40%) to the city's air pollution.

This paper presents our analysis of the impact of integrating electric vehicles (EVs) and rooftop photovoltaics (RTPVs) on power system distribution feeders at the 11 kV level. For the assessment, we selected a sample urban feeder that served both domestic and commercial consumers within Bengaluru city limits. The EV demand projection was considered on the basis of a report by the Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, whereas the RTPV potential was estimated using CSTEP’s Rooftop Evaluation for Solar Tool.

India has been moving towards advanced technologies in transport, and some key modern technologies have entered its highway network system. The government is actively planning to introduce E-roads such as E-highways and E-expressways for charging a large chunk of electric vehicles (EVs). NITI Aayog says that EVs will account for 80 per cent of two- and three-wheelers, 40 per cent of buses, and 30–70 per cent of cars by 2030 in India. As a pilot run, India’s first E-highway between Delhi and Jaipur will be developed soon.

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The adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in India has grown significantly over the last few years. There is a three-time jump in EV sales in 2022 compared to 2021. More than 90% of the EVs sold are either two-wheelers or threewheelers. The growth in EV sales could mainly be attributed to policies, such as production-based incentives and the FAME scheme. However, we are still way behind the Government’s target of achieving 70% of all new commercial vehicles and 80% of all two-wheeler and three-wheeler sales to be electric by 2030.

India is one of the fastest-growing large economies in the post-Covid era. The transport sector, a major contributor to India’s GDP, is currently dominated by internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles and, therefore, is dependent on fossil fuels.

The International Energy Agency published a report entitled ‘Southeast Asia Energy Outlook 2022’ last month. It said that the rapid economic growth in most Southeast Asian countries since 2000 is now threatening their energy security, as they struggle to keep pace with their growing energy needs.

The scene is not very different for other regions of the world.