Not a day or week passes without an extreme event such as a heat wave, high-intensity rainfall leading to floods and landslides, lack of rain or unseasonal rains destroying fruits and vegetable crops, or hurricanes striking coastal areas. Every month in 2023 set a new record for being the hottest on record, and every month of 2024 has already surpassed those records, with the hottest day in history recently recorded. Karnataka has experienced extreme droughts and flood-causing rainfall events in recent months and years.

A comprehensive study on what is polluting the air in India undertaken in 76 cities by the Center for Study of Science, Technology and Policy (CSTEP), a research-based think tank, has found that only a few cities are on track to achieving the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) targets. NCAP was launched in 2019 by the Government of India, with an aim to improve air quality in 131 cities that do not meet the national air quality standards. The research spanning 2.5 years suggests that only 8 of the studied cities will be able to achieve 40% emission reduction by 2030.

As we head into yet another rice harvesting season in Punjab, the search for effective solutions to manage stubble continues. In 2021, over 50% of the rice stubble in the region was burnt, a practice that exacerbates respiratory illnesses, depletes soil fertility, and increases air pollution across neighbouring states.

India, the fifth largest economy in the world, is ambitiously striving to achieve a USD 5-trillion economy in the near future, positioning itself among the top three global economies. This has been possible due to the remarkable growth in India’s GDP over the past 18 years. As per NITI Aayog, India’s GDP increased from INR 42.6 lakh crore in the financial year (FY) 2006–07 to INR 295.4 lakh crore in FY 2023–24.

Punjab, known as the ‘Granary of India’, is among the top three producers of food grain in the country, with over 11 million tonnes of rice and 16 million tonnes of wheat produced every year. The state relies heavily on the rice–wheat cropping pattern, wherein rice is cultivated during the kharif (summer) season and wheat during the rabi (winter) season. These two crops occupy over 80% of Punjab’s total cropped area. To handle this large-scale crop harvesting, farmers have transitioned to using mechanical harvesters, leaving stubble on the ground.

Air quality can be improved through well-designed air quality management plans that are effectively implemented. For this, we need to know the sources impacting a certain location; the emissions contributed by each source; the interventions that can reduce these emissions; the cost of those interventions; and once implemented, their effectiveness. The sources in question can be local (e.g., city traffic emissions), transboundary (e.g., an industry outside a city or sources in another state), or natural (e.g., desert dust or wildfires).