The need for climate action is well established, not only to mitigate climate change but also to build resilience and prevent the depletion of resources due to overexploitation. Creating a roadmap towards a sustainable future requires a deep understanding of how each sector is expected to grow, and more importantly, how different sectors would interact with each other to co-evolve dynamically. Several models at the global scale and a few at the Indian scale have been created to facilitate this understanding.

Punjab has a considerable dependence on thermal sources for meeting its energy demand. In financial year (FY) 2025, Punjab’s total installed generation capacity stood at 14,861 megawatts (MW), of which, thermal (including gas) constituted the largest share (56% or 8,370 MW), followed by hydro (23% or 3,398 MW), solar and wind (17.6% or 2,609 MW), other NCEs (1.9% or 287 MW), and nuclear (1.3% or 197 MW).