In this study, we combined state-of-the-art data modelling techniques (machine learning [ML] methods) and data from state-of-the-art low-cost particulate matter (PM) sensors (LCSs) to improve the accuracy of LCS-measured PM2.5 (PM with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 microns) mass concentrations. We collocated nine LCSs and a reference PM2.5 instrument for 9 months, covering all local seasons, in Bengaluru, India. Using the collocation data, we evaluated the performance of the LCSs and trained around 170 ML models to reduce the observed bias in the LCS-measured PM2.5.

To effectively manage air pollution, we need to measure it accurately and at high spatial resolution. However, maintaining a dense network of regulatory instruments is financially and technically burdensome for low- and middle-income countries. A hybrid approach that combines non-conventional, less expensive, short-term stationary, and mobile deployments may be a cost-effective solution. In the city of Bengaluru, India, we adopted such a hybrid measurement approach to generate high spatial resolution air pollution maps.

MGNREGS is a poverty alleviation programme implemented pan India. As an employment guarantee scheme, it successfully captures information on the number of jobs and assets created. However, assessment of the multiple climate co-benefits arising from assets created through the programme has been a blind spot. While there have been many studies that attest to the climate co-benefits of MGNREGS works, they have been limited in their geographical scope, resulting in constrained reporting of the accrued benefits.

In India, a functioning hydrogen economy is expected to bolster the energy portfolio in a sustainable way with the support of conducive policies (National Green Hydrogen Mission) from the Government.

Novel and viable alternatives are warranted to achieve the 500 GW renewable energy target for 2030. Agrivoltaics (agriPV) is one such promising technology for optimising land usage by combining agriculture with PV.

Rooftop solar is expected to play a major role in India’s 280 GW solar target for 2030. However, only ~8 GW of the 40 GW target for 2022 has been achieved so far. The residential sector accounts for less than 20% of this installed capacity, despite being offered incentives such as net metering and a 20%–40% capital subsidy.

India recently submitted an updated nationally determined contribution (NDC) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which includes two short-term commitments.

In the Union Budget 2023-24, INR 35,000 crore has been allocated to the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas for achieving energy transition. A major part of this allocation could go into gas exploration and the setting up of gas infrastructure projects, details of which are yet to emerge.

Can natural gas continue to play the role of a transition fuel for India or will this lead to stranded assets in the future? There is no simple answer to this question. Let’s look at some of the key reasons.